About the Author

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Edward H. Livingston, MD is Contributing Editor for JAMAevidence, Deputy Editor for JAMA, and the Clinical Reviews and Education Editor for the JAMA Network. Dr Livingston is also Professor of Surgery at UCLA Medical School and an Adjunct Professor of Surgery at Northwestern University. He previously served as Professor and Chair of Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Surgery and Professor and Chair of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine. Roger J. Lewis, MD, PhD is Chair of the Department of Emergency Medicine at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Professor and Vice Chair in the Department of Emergency Medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and the Senior Medical Scientist at Berry Consultants, LLC. Dr. Lewis is a member of the National Academy of Medicine of the National Academies and a Fellow of both the Society for Clinical Trials and the American Statistical Association.